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I .Ö÷ÓïµÄ¡°È˳ơ±¾ö¶¨Î½Óﶯ´ÊµÄÐÎʽ¡£e.g.
¢ÙI love / She loves music . ÎÒ/ Ëý°®ºÃÒôÀÖ¡£
¢ÚAre your mother a worker ? (Îó)ÄãĸÇ×Êǹ¤ÈËÂð£¿
Is your mother a worker ?(Õý)£¨Ö÷Óïyour mother Êǵ¥ÊýµÚÈýÈ˳ƣ©
II .Ö÷ÓïµÄ¡°Êý¡±¾ö¶¨Î½Óﶯ´ÊµÄÐÎʽ¡£
1.¡°²»¿ÉÊýÃû´Ê¡¢¿ÉÊýÃû´Êµ¥Êý¡¢µ¥Êý´ú´Ê¡¢²»¶¨Ê½£¨¶ÌÓ¡¢¶¯Ãû´Ê£¨¶ÌÓ¡±»ò¡°´Ó¾ä¡±µÈ×÷Ö÷ÓÓõ¥ÊýνÓïÐÎʽ¡£e.g.
¢ÙThe work is important . ÕâÏ×÷ÖØÒª¡£
¢ÚTo serve the country is our duty . Îª×æ‡ø·þÎñÊÇÎÒÃǵÄÒåÎñ¡£
¢ÛHow and why he left was a sad story . ËûÀ뿪µÄ¾­¹ýºÍÔ­ÒòÊÇÒ»¶ÎÉËÐĵľ­Àú¡£
2. ¸´ÊýµÄÃû´Ê¡¢´ú´ÊÒ»°ã½Ó¸´ÊýνÓïÐÎʽ¡£e.g.
¢ÙThe children are taken good care of . º¢×ÓÃǵõ½ºÜºÃµÄÕÕÁÏ¡£
¢ÚThey have gone to Chengdu . ËûÃÇÈ¥³É¶¼ÁË¡£
II. ÒÔ¡°and ¡±»ò¡°both¡­ and¡±Á¬½ÓµÄ²¢ÁÐÖ÷Ó
1.ͨ³£×÷¸´ÊýÓà ¡£e.g.
¢ÙPlastics and rubber never rot . ËÜÁϺÍÏ𽺴Ӳ»¸¯Àá£
¢ÚWhat he says and what he does do not agree. ËûÑÔÐв»Ò»Ö¡£
¢ÛBoth Tom and I are fond of medicine . ÎÒºÍÌÀÄ·¶¼Ï²»¶Ò½Ñ§¡£
2. Èç¹û²¢ÁÐÖ÷ÓïÖ¸µÄÊÇ¡°Í¬Ò»¸ö¡±ÈË£¨Ê¡¢Îï¡¢³éÏó¸ÅÄ£¬×÷µ¥ÊýÓá£e.g.
¢ÙThe worker and writer has come . Õâλ¹¤ÈË×÷¼ÒÀ´ÁË¡£
¢ÚA cart and horse was seen in the distance . Ô¶´¦ÄÜ¿´¼ûÓÐÒ»Ì×Âí³µ¡£
¢ÛTruth and honesty is the best policy . Õæ³ÏÊÇ×îºÃµÄ²ßÂÔ¡£
3. ¡°and¡±Ç°¡¢ºóµÄµ¥Êý´ÊÓï¶¼ÓС°each,every ,many ,a ,no¡±µÈÐÞÊÎʱ£¬ÈÔ×÷µ¥ÊýÓá£e.g.
¢ÙEvery boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.ÕâÀïÿ¸öÄк¢ºÍÿ¸öÅ®º¢¶¼ÏíÓÐÆ½µÈÈ¨Òæ¡£
¢ÚNo teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .ûÓÐÄĸö½Ìʦ»òѧÉú¿ÉÒÔÃâÓڲμÓÕâÏî»î¶¯¡£
¢ô. Ö÷Óïǰ¡¢ºó¼Ó±í¡°Êý¡¢Á¿¡±µÈµÄÐÞÊÎÓïʱ£º
1. a£©¡°many a + µ¥Ãû ¡±½Óµ¥ÊýνÓ¡°a good (great ) many + ¸´Ãû¡±½Ó¸´ÊýνÓï¡£e.g.
¢ÙMany a fine man has died for it . Ðí¶àÓÅÐãսʿΪ´ËÏ׳öÁËÉúÃü¡£
¢ÚA great many parents were present at the meeting . Ðí¶à¼Ò³¤³öϯÁË»áÒé¡£
b£©"a / an + µ¥Ãû+ or two " ´ó¶à½Óµ¥ÊýνÓ "one or two + ¸´Ãû"½Ó¸´ÊýνÓï¡£e.g.
¢ÙOnly a word or two is (are )needed. Ö»Ðè˵һÁ½¾ä¡£
¢ÚOne or two reasoms were suggested . Ìá³öÒ»Á½ÌõÀíÓÉ¡£
c£©"a / an + µ¥Ãû+ and a half"³£½Óµ¥ÊýνÓ¡°one and a half +¸´Ãû¡±¶à½Ó¸´ÊýνÓï¡£e.g.
¢ÙA year and a half has passed . Ò»Äê°ëÒѹýÈ¥ÁË¡£
¢ÚOne and a half tons of rice are sold . ÒÑÂôÁËÒ»¶Ö°ë´óÃס£
d£© "more than one + µ¥Ãû"´ó¶à½Óµ¥ÊýνÓï¡£e.g.
¢ÙMore than one person was (were )absent . ²»Ö¹Ò»¸öÈËȱϯ¡£
"more + ¸´Ãû+ than one "½Ó¸´ÊýνÓï¡£e.g.
¢ÚMore students than one have been there . ²»Ö¹Ò»¸öѧÉúÈ¥¹ýÄǶù¡£
"more than two (three,¡­)+¸´Ãû " ½Ó¸´ÊýνÓï¡£e.g.
¢ÛMore than one hundred students have attended the concert . ²»Ö¹Ò»°ÙÃûѧÉúÌýÁËÕⳡÒôÀֻᡣ
2 £¬Ö÷Óïǰ¼Ó±íʾ¡°µ¥Î»¡¢¶ÈÁ¿¡±µÄ¶ÌÓïÈç¡°a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup /glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre /¡­ )of¡±µÈʱ£¬±íʾ¡°µ¥Î»¡¢¶ÈÁ¿¡±µÄÕâ¸öÃû´ÊµÄµ¥¸´Êý¾ö¶¨Î½ÓïÐÎʽ¡£e.g.
a£©¢ÙThere is only a small quantity of paper (books ) left . ֻʣÏÂÉÙÁ¿µÄÖ½£¨Ê飩ÁË¡£
¢ÚLarge quantities of water are needed . ÐèÒª´óÁ¿µÄË®¡£
b£©¢ÙThis kind of apple is sweet . Õâ·NÆ»¹ûÌð¡£
¢ÚThis kind of apples is (are) sweet . £¨´ó¶àÒÀ kind £¬×÷µ¥ÊýÓà £©
¢ÛThese kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . £¨×Ü×÷¸´ÊýÓã©
µ«:Apples of this kind are sweet . £¨×Ü×÷¸´ÊýÓã©
3. Ö÷Óïºó½Ó¡°with¡­¡±µÈ¹¹³ÉµÄ¶ÌÓïÐÞÊγɷÖʱ£ºÎ½ÓïÈÔÐëÓëÕâÀà¶ÌÓïǰµÄ¡°Ö÷ÓһÖ¡£¿É¹¹³ÉÕâÀà¶ÌÓïµÄ³£Óá°with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but , besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than , more than ¡±µÈ¡£e.g.
¢ÙA woman with two children has come . һλ¸¾Å®´ø×ÅÁ½¸öº¢×ÓÀ´ÁË¡£
¢ÚI as well as they am ready to help you . ²»½öËûÃÇ£¬ÎÒÒ²Ô¸°ïÖúÄã¡£
4. "one of + ¸´ÊýÃû´Ê+ ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä"£º
1£©¶¨Óï´Ó¾äµÄÏÈÐдÊͨ³£ÊÇÕâ¸ö¡°¸´ÊýÃû´Ê¡±£¬Òò´Ë´Ó¾äµÄνÓïÓø´ÊýÐÎʽ¡£e.g.
¢ÙThis is one of the best novels that have appeared this year . ÕâÊǽñÄê³ö°æµÄ×î¼ÑС˵֮һ¡££¨¹ØÏµ´Ê¡°that¡±´ú¡°novels¡±£©
¢ÚHe was one of the boys who were praised . ËûÊÇÊܱíÑïµÄÄк¢Ö®Ò»¡£
2£©Èô¡°one¡±Ç°¼Ó¡°this, the ,the only ¡±µÈʱ£¬¶¨Óï´Ó¾äµÄ¹ØÏµ´ÊÖ¸´úone£¬×÷´Ó¾äÖ÷Óïʱ£¬½Óµ¥ÊýνÓï¡£e.g.
He was the only one of the boys who was praaised .ËûÊÇÄк¢ÖÐΨһÊܵ½±íÑïµÄ¡£(¹ØÏµ´Êwho ´ú the only one )
¡¾ÒâÒåÒ»ÖÂÔ­Ôò£¨Notional Concord£©¡¿
I. ¼¯ºÏÃû´Ê×÷Ö÷Óïʱ£º£¨²Î¼û¡°Ãû´Ê¡±²¿·Ö£©
1. ÓÐЩͨ³£×÷¸´ÊýÓ㨲»±ä´ÊÐΣ©¡£È磺¡°people , police , cattle (Å££¬Éü¿Ú)£¬folk , youth , militia (Ãñ±ø)¡±£¬µÈ¡£e.g.
The police have caught the murderer .¾¯·½ÒѲ¶»ñÐ×ÊÖ¡£
2. ÓÐЩָ¡°ÕûÌ塱ʱ×÷µ¥Êý£¬Ö¸ÆäÖеġ°³ÉÔ±¡±Ê±×÷¸´Êý£¨²»±ä´ÊÐΣ©¡£Èç "army , audience(ÌýÖÚ),class ,club £¨¾ãÀÖ²¿) ,company(¹«Ë¾), committee(ίԱ»á) ,crew ,crowd ,staff(Ô±¹¤) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ,couple ,population ,team ."µÈ¡£e.g.
¢ÙOur family is a happy one . ÎÒÃÇÓиöÐÒ¸£µÄ¼ÒÍ¥¡£
¢ÚThe family are early risers . Õâ¼ÒÈ˶¼ÆðµÃÔç¡£
¢ÛThe public are (is )requested not to litter . Ç빫ÖÚ²»ÒªÂÒÈÓ·ÏÆúÎï¡£
µ«ÉÏÊö¼¯ºÏÃû´ÊÒ²¿ÉÓи´ÊýÐÎʽ¡£È磺families , two classes .µÈ¡£ÓÐЩ±ä¸´ÊýÐÎʽºóÒâÒ岻ͬ¡£È磺peoples¶à¸öÃñ×å¡£ youthsÄÐÇàÄê¡£ folksÇ×ÓÑ¡£
II. ´ú´Ê×÷Ö÷Óïʱ£º£¨²Î¼û¡°´ú´Ê¡±²¿·Ö£©
1. ²»¶¨´ú´Ê"each ,one , much, (a)little ,elther ,neither ,another ,the other(+µ¥Ãû)"µÈ³£×÷µ¥ÊýÓá£ËüÃÇËùÐÞÊεÄÖ÷ÓïÒ²×÷µ¥Êý¡£e.g.
¢ÙEach of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . ÿ¸öÅ®º¢¶¼Óж¥ÐÂñ×Ó¡£
¢ÚNeither plan suits me .¢ÛNeither of the plans suits / suit me . Á½¸ö¼Æ»®¶¼²»ÊʺÏÎÒ¡£
2. ÏÂÁи´ºÏ²»¶¨´ú´ÊÒ»°ã×÷µ¥ÊýÓ㺡°someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ¡±µÈ¡£e.g.
¢ÙIs everybody here ? ¶¼µ½ÆëÁËÂð£¿
¢ÚThere was nothing special then. ÄÇÊ±Ã»Ê²Ã´ÌØ±ðÇé¿ö¡£
3. ÏÂÁв»¶¨´ú´Ê×÷¸´ÊýÓ㺡°£¨a£©few ,many ,several£¬ both¡±µÈ¡£e.g.
¢ÙFew (of the guests ) were familiar to us . û¼¸¸ö£¨¿ÍÈË£©ÊÇÎÒÃÇÊìʶµÄ¡£
¢ÚBoth / Both (of ) these are interesting . Á½²¿Ó°Æ¬¶¼ÓÐȤ¡£
4ÏÂÁдú´ÊÐëÊÓÆä¡°¾ßÌåËùÖ¸¡±À´¾ö¶¨µ¥¡¢¸´Êý£º
1£©¡°what ,which ,who ,whose ¡±µÈ¡£e.g.
¢ÙWho is your brother ?ÄãÐÖµÜÊÇË­£¿
¢ÚWho are League Members .ÄÄЩÊÇÍÅÔ±£¿
2£©"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"µÈ¡£e.g.
¢ÙAll (of the students ) are working hard .£¨ËùÓеÄѧÉú£©¶¼ÔÚÓù¦¡£
¢ÚAll (of the paint ) is fine .£¨ÕâЩÓÍÆá£©¶¼ºÜºÃ¡£
3£©"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )Óàϵģ©"£¬µÈ¡£e.g.
¢ÙHalf of the apples are bad .Æ»¹ûÖÐÓÐÒ»°ëÊÇ»µµÄ¡£
¢ÚHalf of the apple is bad .Õâֻƻ¹û»µÁËÒ»°ë¡£
¢ó.¡°Êý´Ê¡±¡¢¡°ÊýÁ¿¡¢µ¥Î»¡±µÈ´ÊÓï×÷Ö÷Óïʱ£º
1. ±íʾ¡°ÔËË㡱µÄÊý´Êͨ³£×÷µ¥Êý ¡£e.g.
Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ ³ËÒÔËĵÃËÄÊ®¡£
2.±í¡°Ê±¼ä¡¢¾àÀë¡¢½ð¶î¡¢¶ÈÁ¿ºâ¡±µÈµÄ´ÊÓ×÷¡°ÕûÌ塱¿´Ê±×÷µ¥ÊýÓ㬲àÖØÖ¸¡°Èô¸Éµ¥Î»¡±Ê±×÷¸´ÊýÓá£e.g.
¢ÙTwenty years is not a long time . ¶þÊ®Äê¹âÒõ£¬µ¯Ö¸Ò»»Ó¼ä¡£
¢ÚTwenty years have passed since he left . ËûÀ뿪ÒѶþÊ®¸öÄêÍ·ÁË¡£
3.¡°·ÖÊý¡¢°Ù·ÖÊý¡±Í¨³£ÒÀÆä¡°¾ßÌåËùÖ¸¡±À´¾ö¶¨µ¥¡¢¸´Êý¡£e.g.
¢ÙAbout 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . ÕâЩÊéÖаٷ·N®ËÄÊ®/Îå··N®¶þÖµµÃ¶Á¡£
¢ÚOnly sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .×òÌìÖ»¸ÉÍêÁ˰ٷ·N®ÁùÊ®/Îå··N®ÈýµÄ¹¤×÷¡£
4. "a number of (Ðí¶à)/ a varlety of (¸÷ʽ¸÷Ñù) "+¸´ÊýÃû´Ê£¬³£×÷¸´ÊýÓá£e.g.
¢ÙA number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . Õâ¸ö°àÓв»ÉÙͬѧÀ´×ÔËÄ´¨¡£
¢ÚThere are a variety of toys in this shop.Õâ¼ÒÉ̵êÓи÷·N¸÷ÑùµÄÍæ¾ß¡£
µ«ÊÇ£¬¡°the number(ÊýÄ¿)/ the variety(·NÀà)¡±+ of + ¸´ÊýÃû´Ê£¬×÷µ¥Êý¡£e.g.
¢ÙThe number of students in this college has doubled . ÕâËù´óѧµÄѧÉúÈËÊý·­ÁËÒ»·¬¡£
¢ÚThe variety of goods in this shop is rich . Õâ¼ÒÉ̵ê»õÎïÆ··N·á¸»¡£
¢ô.µ¥¡¢¸´ÊýͬÐλòÒ×»ìµÄ´Ê×÷Ö÷Óïʱ£º£¨²Î¼û¡°Ãû´Ê¡±²¿·Ö£©
1.ÒÔ¡°-ics¡±½áβµÄѧ¿ÆÃû´Ê£ºÖ¸½ÌÓý¡¢¿ÆÑеÄijһѧ¿Æ£¬×÷µ¥Êý¡£e.g.
Mathematics seems easy to me .ÎÒËÆºõ¾õµÃÊýѧ²»ÄÑ¡£
µ«ÊÇ£¬±í¡°¾ßÌåµÄѧҵ¡¢»î¶¯¡±µÈʱ£¬¶àÓÃ×÷¸´Êý¡£e.g.
¢ÙHer mathematics are weak . ËýÊýѧ²î¡££¨Ö¸¡°Ñ§Òµ³É¼¨¡¢ÄÜÁ¦¡±£©
¢ÚWhat are your politiscs? ÄãµÄÕþÖι۵ãÈçºÎ£¿
2. ¡°works¹¤³§£¬means·½·¨£¬seriesϵÁУ¬speciesÎï·N£¬aircraft·É»ú¡±µÈÃû´Êµ¥¡¢¸´ÊýͬÐΣ¬Òª´ÓÉÏÏÂÎÄÅÐ¶ÏÆä¾ßÌåÒâÒåÀ´¾ö¶¨µ¥¡¢¸´Êý¡£e.g.
¢ÙThis works was(These works were)built two years ago . Õ⣨¼¸£©¼Ò¹¤³§ÊÇÁ½ÄêǰÐÞ½¨µÄ¡£
¢ÚEvery means has (All means have) been tried . ¸÷·N°ì·¨¶¼ÊÔ¹ýÁË¡£
ÕâÀàÃû´Êͨ³£»¹ÓС°fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (×ܲ¿×¤µØ),bellows(·çÏä), plastics, gallows (½Ê¼Ü), manners(Àñò) ,whereabouts (ÐÐ×Ù), ¡±µÈ¡££¨µ«news£¨ÏûÏ¢£©ÊDz»¿ÉÊýÃû´Ê£¬Í¨³£Ö»×÷µ¥ÊýÓᣣ©
¢õ. "the + ÐÎÈÝ´Ê/·Ö´Ê"×÷Ö÷Óïʱ£º
1. Ö¸¡°Ò»ÀࡱÈË»òÊÂÎïʱ£¬³£ÓÃ×÷¸´ÊýÓá£e.g.
¢ÙThe English speak English. Ó¢‡øÈ˽²Ó¢Óï¡£
¢ÚThe rejected were heaped in the corner . ·ÏÆ·¶ÑÔÚ½ÇÂäÀï¡£
2.Ö¸¡°Ä³Ò»¸ö¡±ÈË£¬»ò¡°³éÏóµÄ¡±ÊÂÎïʱ£¬×÷µ¥ÊýÓá£e.g.
¢ÙThe deceased was his father . È¥ÊÀµÄÊÇËû¸¸Çס£
¢ÚThe agreeable is not always the useful . ºÃ¿´µÄ²»Ò»¶¨ÖÐÓá£
¢ÛThe new and progressive always wins over the old . ÐÂÉú¡¢½ø²½µÄÊÂÎï×ÜÊÇҪսʤ¾ÉµÄ¶«Î÷¡£
¢ö.רÓÃÃû´Ê×÷Ö÷Óïʱ£º
1.¡°ÊéÃû¡¢¾çÃû¡¢±¨¿¯Ãû¡¢‡ø¼ÒÃû¡±µÈͨ³£×÷µ¥ÊýÓá£e.g.
¢ÙThe United States was founded in 1776. ÃÀ‡ø³ÉÁ¢ÓÚ1776Äê¡£
¢ÚThe Arabian Nights is very interesting . ¡¶Ì췽ҹ̷¡·ºÜÓÐȤ¡£
2.¡°Ê鿯Ãû¡±ÓÐʱ×÷µ¥Êý»ò¸´ÊýÁ½¿É£¬ÓÈÆäÊDZà³É¼¯×ÓµÄÊé¡£e.g.
Dickens' Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 .
µÒ¸ü˹ËùÖøµÄ¡¶ÃÀ‡ø±Ê¼Ç¡·³ö°æÓÚ1842Äê¡£
¢÷¡°whatµÈÒýµ¼µÄ´Ó¾ä¡±×÷Ö÷Óïʱ£º
1. ´ó¶à×÷µ¥ÊýÓá£e.g.
¢ÙWhat we need is more practice . ÎÒÃÇÐèÒªµÄÊǸü¶àµÄʵ¼ù¡£
¢ÚWhat he says doesn't agree with what he does . ËûÑÔÐв»Ò»Ö¡£
2.Èô´Ó¾äÊǺ¬¸´ÊýÒâÒåµÄ²¢Áнṹ¡¢»ò¡°±íÓÊǸ´Êýʱ£¬Î½Óﶯ´ÊÓõ¥Êý»ò¸´ÊýÁ½¿É¡£e.g.
¢ÙWhat you say and think is /are no business of mine . ÄãÔõô˵ÒÔ¼°ÔõôÏ룬²»¹ØÎÒµÄÊ¡£
¢ÚWhat he bought was /were some books . ËûËùÂòµÄÊǼ¸±¾Êé¡£
¡¾¾Í½üÒ»ÖÂÔ­Ôò£¨Proximity£©¡¿
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I.ÔÚÕýʽÎÄÌåÖУº
1.ÓÉÏÂÁдÊÓïÁ¬½ÓµÄ²¢ÁÐÖ÷Ó"or ; either ¡­or£»nor; neither¡­or£»whether¡­or£»not¡­but; not only¡­but also" ; µÈ¡£e.g.
¢ÙWhat he does or what he says does not concern me . ËûµÄÐÐΪ»òÑÔ̸¶¼ÓëÎÒÎ޹ء£
¢ÚNeither you nor I am wrong . ÄãºÍÎÒ¶¼Ã»´í¡£
¢ÛNot you but your father is to blame . ²»ÊÇÄ㣬¶øÊÇÄ㸸Ç׸ÃÊÜÔ𱸡£
¢ÜNot only you hut(also) he is wrong .²»½öÄã´íÁË£¬ËûÒ²´íÁË¡£
2. ÔÚµ¹×°¾äÖУºÎ½Óï¿ÉÓëºóÃæµÚÒ»¸öÖ÷ÓïÒ»Ö¡£e.g.
¢ÙIn the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . ÔÚÔ¶´¦£¬ÄÜÌý¼û¹ÄÕÆÉùºÍÈËÃǵĺôº°Éù¡£
¢ÚThere is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .×ÀÉÏÓÐÒ»Ö§¸Ö±ÊºÍ¼¸±¾Êé¡£
II. ·ÇÕýʽÎÄÌåÖУº
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Neither she nor I were there (ÒâÒåÒ»ÖÂ) ÎÒºÍËûµ±Ê±¶¼²»ÔÚÄǶù¡££¨·ÇÕýʽ£©
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